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College Terminology

Here is a handy glossary to help you understand any words or phrases you might encounter for the first time during college.

At the Library

Accreditation

"The recognition from an accrediting agency that an institution maintains a certain level of educational standards." Make sure that the college you go to is an accredited institution, it will be important if you decide to transfer your credits later on. Some for-profit institutions have been discredited in recent years.

Add/Drop Period

A grace period is given at the beginning of each academic term during which a student may decide to add or drop a course with no penalty. Before your institution's add/drop deadline, you can "try" classes and edit your schedule before it is finalized. 

Advisor / Advising

College employee who helps you choose a major and complete a degree. They can also help you choose a minor, select and register for classes, and they can help you with other academic-related questions you might have or refer you to other college offices and services. 

Associate of Applied Science (AAS) Degree

An undergraduate degree (offered by most community colleges) that takes about two years of full-time study to earn or 60 units. AAS degrees are in practical fields that apply information to work.

Associate of Arts (AA) Degree

An undergraduate degree (offered by most community colleges) that takes about two years of full-time study to earn or 60 units. AA degrees include general education requirements and career skills in areas such as social sciences or liberal arts.

Associate Professor / Assistance Professor / Adjunct Professor

Someone who teaches college classes but does not work full time for the college. They are generally a mid-level, usually tenured, faculty member.

Audit

Signing up to attend and learn in a class without having to do the assignments, but also without earning credit.

Bachelor's (or Baccalaureate) Degree

An undergraduate degree that usually takes about four years of full-time study to earn. There are two common types of bachelor's degrees, the Bachelor of Arts (BA) and the Bachelor of Science (BS). Bachelor's degrees must have a major program of study; they may also have one or more minor programs of study.

Campus

The physical space a college uses-its buildings and grounds. Often college campuses are beautiful spaces, with interesting architecture and carefully maintained landscaping.

Certificate

An academic credential is awarded when a student successfully completes a program, consisting of several courses. Certificate programs are smaller than degree programs, and they relate to specific jobs or skills.

Chair

A chair is a faculty member who manages an academic department. This person oversees the faculty in that department, as well as the department's curriculum. They often participate in the management of the entire college/university as well.

Chancellor

A chancellor is a college official whose role varies from institution to institution. There are at least three possible roles: an honorary title, chief executive officer for an institution, or chief executive officer for a university system.

Cognate

Different areas of study that are related to one another. A cognate is smaller than a major, similar to a minor, but unlike a minor, a cognate always accompanies another related area of study.

College

An institution of higher education that grants undergraduate degrees.

College Counselor

College counselors advise students; they can help students select and apply to colleges, or begin attending a college, and even assist students in succeeding in college life.

Comprehensive Exam (Comps)

Used in two ways, one for individual courses and one for degrees, especially graduate degrees.

  1. A comprehensive exam is usually the final exam/test for a course and covers all material from the entire course.

  2. A comprehensive exam is a part of finishing the degree. It draws on the student's learning throughout the degree program and can be written, oral, or both.

Concentration

An area of emphasis in a program of study; used in the same way as “focus.” For example, in a Biology major, a student may focus on Evolutionary biology, or marine biology, or zoology.

Credential

A designation awarded to show that a student has completed a course of academic study/learning. The most familiar kinds of credentials are degrees such as associate, baccalaureate, and graduate degrees.

Credit / Credit Hour

A unit that a college will use to show that you have completed and passed the necessary courses that you need to finish a degree. Each college decides how many and what type of credits a student will need to finish a degree. Every course is given a particular number of "credits," "credit hours," or "unit." Typically 1 credit hour will equal 1 hour-long class meeting each week.

Curriculum

Learning opportunities offered by a college. All the classes a college offers can be considered the college's curriculum. In addition, each major/minor/certificate has a curriculum, which are the specific classes they require students to take in order to graduate from said credential.

Dean

A dean is an administrator in a university/college. Most commonly, a dean leads a school or college within a university. While a dean works with budgets and staffing, the dean's primary responsibility is for academic oversight.

Defense / Defend

A presentation of a student's work (typically a thesis or dissertation) to a panel of faculty who ask questions about the work to show the validity of the student's research.

Degree

A common academic credential. Degrees are awarded when an undergraduate student completes a course of study that usually includes a major as well as general education requirements. Beyond the bachelor's degree, students can earn graduate degrees for more advanced learning.

Department

A department is a group of faculty members with expertise in a specific academic field (or discipline) who offer courses (and usually degrees) in that field.

Dissertation

In education, an independent research project is conducted as the final requirement of a graduate degree, especially a doctorate. The student must pass a "defense" of the dissertation, which includes a panel of faculty whom themselves have earned doctorates.

Doctoral Degree

The highest type of academic degree, doctoral degrees, represents advanced learning in a specific field. If the doctorate is a research degree, it also means the student has demonstrated the ability to conduct independent academic research.

Faculty

A category of employees at a college. Faculty members have primary responsibility for the curriculum and degree programs. Most people think of faculty as professors or class instructors. They might also conduct research and be engaged in service to the college and community.

Financial Aid

Money that is provided to students to help them pay for their education. It can come from the federal government, the state government, the college itself, students' employers, community organizations, or foundations. Common aid types are grants, scholarships, and loans.

Focus

An area of emphasis in a program of study. Often used in the same way as "concentration"

General Education Courses

General education (or Gen Ed) refers to required courses for a degree other than the courses in the student's major. All students are required to take general ed courses, regardless of their major.

Graduate Student

Students earning a graduate degree are often called "grad students", to earn a master' or Doctorate's degree. Students can apply to grad school once they have received a Baccalaureate degree or are about to receive it.  Most 4-Year institutions that offer baccalaureate degrees, also offer Masters or Doctorate programs. 

Grant

A type of financial aid. It is free money that the federal government, a state government, a company, a school, or a charity gives to the student. You do not have to pay it back.

Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC)

An individual who has earned a Master of Arts degree in Counseling. They have successfully passed the National Counselors Examination (NCE) by the National Board Certified Counselors (NBCC).

Loan

A type of financial aid. It is an amount of money given to you for a period of time that you will have to pay back later. Loans can be subsidized or unsubsidized (see definitions below).

Major

The area of study that you choose to focus on in college. If you need to, you can select your major by the end of your sophomore year so that you can take courses in that specific field of study during your junior and senior years.

Master's Degree

A graduate degree that you can usually only begin after you completed a bachelor's degree and takes about two years to earn if you study full-time.

Minor

The second area of study that you choose to focus on in college. It is not required, but it lets you take courses in a different field of study from your major.

Non-Profit or Not-For-Profit-College

Public colleges/universities are not-for-profit organizations. This means its mission does not focus on "making a profit." In California, all the universities from the UC and CSU systems, some private universities and most community colleges are non-profit.

PhD Degree

A doctor of philosophy degree. In the United States, this is often considered the "highest" or most rigorous doctorate. It requires significant independent research, usually in the form of a dissertation (or thesis).

Postsecondary Education

Postsecondary education is college or other education that comes after high school.

Private College or University

A term for both a category of college employee and for a rank. In California, some private colleges include Stanford, University of Southern California (USC), University of San Diego (USD)

Professional Degree

A graduate degree focused on preparing for a specific vocation; common professional degrees are in law (a Juris doctor or a JD) and medicine (a doctor of medicine or a MD)

Professor

A term for both a category of college employee and for a rank. Faculty members who teach at a college or university are usually considered professors. College faculty usually have ranks, and "professor" is the highest rank achieved.

Provost

This is the title used at some institutions for the chief academic officer, the highest-ranking academic administrator. Provosts typically oversee a college's/university's faculty.

Public College or University

A college or university that is owned/operated by a government. The most common of these within the United States are state colleges/universities.

Quarter

Quarters divide the academic year into three pieces, a fall quarter, a winter quarter, and a spring quarter. The fall quarter typically runs from September to December, the winter quarter from January to March, and the spring quarter from March to June. Quarters are about 10 weeks long.

Residency

Residency is generally divided into two categories: in-state and out-of-state. In most cases, in-state residents pay a much lower rate than out-of-state residents. Residency requirements can vary by state, so be sure to check the requirements for the state where you plan to attend college.

Resident Assistant (RA)

Representatives of the student deans and the Student Affairs office. These classmates will provide peer support, ensure that the environment is clean, and work to ensure that all students comply with the rules and standards that provide for a healthy and peaceful environment. They typically live in the dorm hall of students who they are supporting for easy access. 

Scholarship

A kind of financial aid. It is free money that a school, individual, organization, company, charity, or government gives to a student.

Semester

Semesters divide the academic year into two pieces, a fall semester and a spring semester. The fall semester usually runs from August to December and the spring semester from January to May. Semesters are about 15 weeks long.

Student Affairs / Student Services

The branch of the college/university that oversees student life. This involves creating and implementing programs that promote student well-being, ensuring student safety, enforcing institutional policies related to student life, and serving as a resource for students.

Student Dean

A representative from the student affairs department that directly oversees student life.

Student Support Program

Programs designed for student success, such as Educational Opportunity Program (EOP or EOPS), Student Support Services, First Year Experience (FYE), among others. These programs offer a variety of services including help with class registration, counseling and academic advising, tutoring, work-study jobs/opportunities, mentoring and sometimes even course credit. You should try to apply and get into at least one student support program.

Teaching Assistant

Graduate students who teach a class (or help a faculty member teach a larger class). Typically teaching assistants teach in the same academic area that they are studying.

Subsidized Loan

It is a type of student loan that you can start paying interest for only after you graduate from college.

Tenure

A "guarantee" of continued employment for a faculty member. Tenure is awarded to faculty that demonstrate ability in teaching, research, and service over time. Having tenure gives additional rights and privileges, but not all colleges use a tenure system.

Term / Academic Term

The main timeframes of the academic year. In the United States, the academic year begins in the fall (August) and ends in late spring (May/June), although some colleges may offer classes throughout the year.

  • The most common terms are semesters and quarters.

Thesis

A final research project, usually a paper, is produced to earn a degree. In the United States, a thesis is usually a requirement for a master's degree; or sometimes a student can choose to write a thesis or complete a comprehensive exam.

Title IV

Title IV is a section of United States law that authorizes funds for students to be able to attend college, typically called federal financial aid. Some common financial aid programs that are part of Title IV are the Pell Grant and the Direct Stafford Loan programs.

Terminal Degree

Used to mean the highest academic degree offered within a specific academic discipline. Often this is a doctoral degree, but not always.

Track

A group of courses in a major that add specificity to a student's degree. It is a way for students to "specialize" within their field of study.

Title IX

Title IX is a section of United States law that prohibits sex-based discrimination in education. It is often understood to intend to provide women with equal access to education and ban harassment that would hinder someone's educational experience.

Undecided / Undeclared

A student that is enrolled in courses but has not yet declared a major.

Undergraduate Degree

An undergraduate degree is a degree you earn after completing high school, such as an associate degree and/or a bachelor's degree.

Undergraduate Student

Students working toward an undergraduate degree such as a bachelor's degree.

University

A university is an institution of higher education that awards both undergraduate and graduate degrees and may include multiple colleges and schools. A college (or school) focuses on similar academic areas. For example, SDSU's College of Arts & Letters offers degrees in the humanities and social sciences.

Unsubsidized Loan

A type of student loan that you start paying interest on while you are still enrolled in college.

Upperclass Student

Undergraduate students who are juniors or seniors (usually third and fourth year, or more).

Transcript

An official record of your college learning. It will list the courses you took and the grades you earned, typically by academic term.

Work-Study Program

Programs that help college students with financial need get part-time jobs to help pay for day-to-day expenses and tuition payments. Work-study jobs are federally- or state-funded and are often found on different offices of a college campus. 

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